As billions of dollars are poured into buildingdata centers, many projects face a constraint that goes beyond getting the facilities constructed: securing enough electricity to power them. San Francisco-basedRune Energyis flipping the script: instead of buildingdata centersand waiting for grid power, the startup is putting data centers where there’s excess power the grid can’t absorb.

The company’s modular data centers, calledRenewable EnergyLinked Intelligent Compute (RELIC), connect directly to thedirect current(DC) electricity generated by a solar array. Each RELIC module is a self-contained ecosystem with its own network equipment,cooling system,power electronics, andGPUs, all within a container about eight feet long, two feet wide, and five feet high. A module can draw up to 100 kilowatts of power and weighs about 2,000 pounds.

“It’s our estimate that there’s 50,000 gigawatt hours of energy wasted by utility-scale solar every year,” saysWilliam Layden, Rune’s co-founder and CEO. Asolar farmcan produce more electricity than the grid can absorb at particular times, especially when generation is high and demand is relatively low. Curtailing that generation means reducing output even though the panels would otherwise be producing electricity.

“We’re already in an energy abundant future,” saysVarun Palivela, Rune’s co-founder and CTO. “But the energy abundance is stranded in time and space.” The power constraints facing large data centers, he adds, are “not a real bottleneck, but a resource allocation issue.”

Thedirect currentadvantage

In addition tocurtailment, electricity is wasted due to equipment outages, conversion losses, and an issue called inverter clipping.Inverterstypically convert DC electricity produced bysolar panelsto alternating current (AC) for delivery to the grid. When a solar array produces more DC power than its inverter can handle, the power gets clipped by the inverter.

Since Rune taps into the DC power before this conversion, they get ahead of some of the potential losses.Constance Crozier, an assistant professor at Georgia Tech’s School of IndustrialSystems Engineeringwho has studieddata center energy demand, says Rune’s main advantage won’t come from cutting out this conversion, though. “DC to AC conversion is typically quite efficient—95 to 97 percent—so I don’t expect the efficiency savings to be exceptional,” she says. “I would imagine the main advantage is reduced component cost.”

The company signs power-purchase agreements with solar-farm owners, buying electricity directly from them (and in the process, giving the solar facility income for power that would otherwise go unused). Utility-scale solar has a standardized voltage around 1500, Palivela says. While Rune’s technology doesn’t require an inverter to convert DC power to AC, it does use DC to DC converters to step down the voltage to a lower range. “You need to get the power in a conditioned state to allow the GPUs to consume it,” Layden says.

A modular approach

Layden emphasizes that Rune is a product company, not a construction company. RELIC modules are manufactured at Rune’s facility in Mountain View, California, and are designed for ultra-fast and simple deployment once they reach a solar farm. “You literally take two wires, plug it into the DC link, and you’re done,” says Layden, adding that Rune recently fulfilled a request to bring a data center online within a week. “We were able to do that,” Layden says. “We are the fastest time to compute.”

The modular approach also sidesteps some of the supply-chain bottlenecks facing conventional data centers. A traditional facility can require largetransformers, switchgear, cooling systems, and other specialized electrical equipment, some of which can take months or even years to procure.

One Relic module can contain anywhere from 128NvidiaB300 GPUs to over 2,000, and multiple modules can then be interconnected to form a large network of GPUs. “The only difference [between Rune and a conventional data center] is that it’s not in a centralized building connected to transformers and switchgear,” Palivela says. “We sell this to inference customers and those who are doing small training runs or fine-tuning training runs on state-of-the-art models.”

Rune’s approach is part of a broader push by data-center operators to go behind the meter, connecting directly topower generationto avoid relying on the grid. The strategy has gained attention as data centers struggle to secure new grid connections, with companies exploring direct connections to nuclear plants, natural-gas generators, and other sources of power.

When the sun doesn’t shine

The big question regarding Rune’s technology is the intermittency ofsolar power; what happens when it’s cloudy for several days in a row? “We havebatteriesintegrated at the Relic level to make sure we always have compute 24/7,” says Layden. Sizing the batteries correctly is key, Crozier says, particularly because Rune modules don’t have a backup grid connection. “They need to size the batteries to store enough energy for nighttime and cloudy day operations, and generate enough solar to fill these batteries on ‘good solar’ days,” she says. This also means that some of the available power at any given time is directed toward battery charging rather than directly powering compute.

The company does extensive modeling to figure out the optimal data center and battery sizing, using historical data to understand how much power is likely to be available under different conditions at each site where it operates. Current sites are in California, Texas, and Massachusetts.

“Far more significant flexibility can be obtained by co-locating batteries with a data center, especially if they’re paired with a generation source,” Crozier says. “This way the data center can remove part of the load from the grid without changing its operation.”

Rune is planning to scale its operations to 100 megawatts of compute over the next 12 months.

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